Implications of Anabolic Steroid Abuse on Male Sexual and Reproductive Health

Authors

  • Joana Santos Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-2051
  • Bruno Jorge Pereira Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Serviço de Urologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24915/aup.159

Keywords:

Anabolizantes/efeitos adversos, Comércio, Disfunção Erétil, Infertilidade, Internet, Saúde Sexual, Esteroides/efeitos adversos

Abstract

In recent years anabolic steroid consumption has grown exponentially. Nevertheless, chronic consumption has numerous consequences in the cardiovascular, endocrine, psychological and genito-urinary system. The present work relates to a systematic review of the effects of anabolic steroids on male fertility, how it affects the entire sperm production and quality and its effects on sexual function including correlation with erectile dysfunction and libido decrease. These substances are frequently sold illegally on e-commerce platforms without a prescription and, therefore, it is imperative to try to solve the problem both in terms of controlling over-the-counter sales and therapies to reverse or improve side effects on consumers.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Furman BL. Anabolic steroids. xPharm Compr Pharmacol Ref. 2007;(August):1-3. doi:10.1016/B978-008055232-3.61056-6

Lise MLZ, Gama e Silva TS da, Ferigolo M, Barros HMT. O abuso de esteróides anabólico-androgênicos em atletismo. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 1999;45(4). doi:10.1590/s0104-42301999000400014

Silva PRP da, Danielski R, Czepielewski MA. Esteróides anabolizantes no esporte. Rev Bras Med do Esporte. 2002;8(6):235-243. doi:10.1590/s1517-86922002000600005

Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Deluca J, et al. Prolonged hypogonadism in males following withdrawal from anabolic-androgenic steroids: An under-recognized problem. Addiction. 2015;110(5):823-831. doi:10.1111/add.12850

Pope HG, Wood RI, Rogol A, Nyberg F, Bowers L, Bhasin S. Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: An endocrine society scientific statement. Endocr Rev. 2014;35(3):341-375. doi:10.1210/er.2013-1058

El Osta R, Almont T, Diligent C, Hubert N, Eschwège P, Hubert J. Anabolic steroids abuse and male infertility. Basic Clin Androl. 2016;26(1):1-8. doi:10.1186/s12610-016-0029-4

Wollina Q, Pabst F, Schönlebe J, et al. Side-effects of topical androgenic and anabolic substances and steroids. a short review. Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica Adriat. 2007;16(3):117-122.

Tatem AJ, Beilan J, Kovac JR, Lipshultz LI. Management of anabolic steroid-induced infertility: Novel strategies for fertility maintenance and recovery. World J Mens Health. 2020;38(2):141-150. doi:10.5534/wjmh.190002

Nieschlag E, Vorona E. Mechanisms in Endocrinology: Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: Effects on reproductive functions. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173(2):R47-R58. doi:10.1530/EJE-15-0080

McBride JA, Coward RM. Recovery of spermatogenesis following testosterone replacement therapy or anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Asian J Androl. 2016;18(3):373-380. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.173938

Christou MA, Christou PA, Markozannes G, Tsatsoulis A, Mastorakos G, Tigas S. Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids on the Reproductive System of Athletes and Recreational Users: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sport Med. 2017;47(9):1869-1883. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0709-z

Ring JD, Lwin AA, Köhler TS. Current medical management of endocrine-related male infertility. Asian J Androl. 2016;18(3):357-363. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.179252

Smit DL, de Ronde W. Outpatient clinic for users of anabolic androgenic steroids: An overview. Neth J Med. 2018;76(4):167-175.

Rasmussen JJ, Selmer C, østergren PB, et al. Former abusers of anabolic androgenic steroids exhibit decreased testosterone levels and hypogonadal symptoms years after cessation: A case-control study. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):1-16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161208

Utah TU of, Library EHS. WebPath. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://webpath.med.utah.edu/webpath.html

Shokri S, Aitken RJ, Abdolvahhabi M, et al. Exercise and supraphysiological dose of nandrolone deconoate increase apoptosis in spermatogenic cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010;106(4):324-330. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00495.x

Gårevik N, Strahm E, Garle M, et al. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Long term perturbation of endocrine parameters and cholesterol metabolism after discontinued abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids. 2011;127:295-300. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.08.005

Stoian, Dana; Mozos, Ioana; Craina, Marius; Paul, Corina; Velea, Iulian; Schiller, Adalbert; Craciunescu M. Hypogonadism in Male Sexual Dysfunction. In: Olivier B, ed. Hypogonadism in Male Sexual Dysfunction. IntechOpen; 2017. https://www.intechopen.com/books/sexual-dysfunction/hypogonadism-in-male-sexual-dysfunction

Armstrong JM, Avant RA, Charchenko CM, et al. Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on sexual function. Transl Androl Urol. 2018;7(3):483-489. doi:10.21037/tau.2018.04.23

Corona G, Jannini EA, Mannucci E, et al. Different testosterone levels are associated with ejaculatory dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2008;5(8):1991-1998. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00803.x

Mancina R, Filippi S, Marini M, et al. Expression and functional activity of phosphodiesterase type 5 in human and rabbit vas deferens. Mol Hum Reprod. 2005;11(2):107-115. doi:10.1093/molehr/gah143

McMahon CG, Jannini EA, Serefoglu EC, Hellstrom WJG. The pathophysiology of acquired premature ejaculation. Transl Androl Urol. 2016;5(4):434-449. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.07.06

Martini L. Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. (Martini L, ed.).; 2004.

Moss HB, Panzak GL, Tarter RE. Sexual functioning of male anabolic steroid abusers. Arch Sex Behav. 1993;22(1):1-12. doi:10.1007/BF01552908

Rahnema CD, Lipshultz LI, Crosnoe LE, Kovac JR, Kim ED. Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: Diagnosis and treatment. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(5):1271-1279. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.002

Pereira NM. Tratamento médico da infertilidade de causa masculina : interesse da sua utilização na era da ICSI. 2017;(October).

Dabaja AA, Schlegel PN. Medical treatment of male infertility. Transl Androl Urol. 2014;3(1):9-16. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.01.06

Coward RM, Rajanahally S, Kovac JR, Smith RP, Pastuszak AW, Lipshultz LI. Anabolic steroid induced hypogonadism in young men. J Urol. 2013;190(6):2200-2205. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2013.06.010

Dias JS. Urologia Fundamental Na Prática Clínica. Lidel; 2011.

Hatzimouratidis K, Giuliano F, Moncada I, Muneer A SA and VP. EAU Guidelines on Erectile Dysfunction, Premature Ejaculation, Penile Curvature and Priapism. Published online 2016:7-10. https://uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/EAU-Guidelines-Male-Sexual-Dysfunction-2016.pdf

Semet M, Paci M, Saïas-Magnan J, et al. The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review. Andrology. 2017;5(4):640-663. doi:10.1111/andr.12366

Abdel-Hamid IA, Ali OI. Delayed Ejaculation: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. World J Mens Health. 2018;36(1):22. doi:10.5534/wjmh.17051

McBride JA, Carson CC, Coward RM. The Availability and Acquisition of Illicit Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Testosterone Preparations on the Internet. Am J Mens Health. 2018;12(5):1352-1357. doi:10.1177/1557988316648704

Pellegrinia M, Rotolo MC, Busardò FP, Pacifici R, Pichini S. Non-allowed Pharmacologically Active Substances in Physical and Sexual Performance Enhancing Products. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;15(5):724-730. doi:10.2174/1570159x14666161028125903

Elliot R. Cooper1,3, Kristine C.Y. McGrath1, XiaoHong Li1,2 AKH. Androgen Bioassay for the Detection of Non-labeled Androgenic Compounds in Nutritional Supplements. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc. Published online 2017. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0018

Geyer H, Parr MK, Koehler K, Mareck U, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Nutritional supplements cross-contaminated and faked with doping substances. J Mass Spectrom. 2008;43(7):892-902. doi:10.1002/jms.1452

Alaedini S, Amirahmadi M, Kobarfard F, Rastegar H, Nasirahmadi S, Shoeibi S. Survey of protein-based sport supplements for illegally added anabolic steroids methyltestosterone and 4-androstenedione by UPLC-MS/MS. Steroids. 2021;165(408):108758. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108758

Portugal AA de. Relatório Estatístico Da AdoP.; 2018.

Rocha M, Aguiar F, Ramos H. O uso de esteroides androgénicos anabolizantes e outros suplementos ergogénicos – uma epidemia silenciosa. Rev Port Endocrinol Diabetes e Metab. 2014;9(2):98-105. doi:10.1016/j.rpedm.2014.09.002

Tighe B, Dunn M, McKay FH, Piatkowski T. Information sought, information shared: Exploring performance and image enhancing drug user-facilitated harm reduction information in online forums. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14(1):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12954-017-0176-8

Balasubramanian A, Thirumavalavan N, Srivatsav A, Yu J, Lipshultz LI, Pastuszak AW. Testosterone Imposters: An Analysis of Popular Online Testosterone Boosting Supplements. J Sex Med. 2019;16(2):203-212. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.12.008

Published

2023-03-13